Everything about The Treaty Of Campo Formio totally explained
The
Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on
October 17,
1797 (26 Vendémiaire, Year VI of the French Republic) by
Napoleon Bonaparte and Count
Ludwig von Coblenz as representatives of
France and
Austria. It marked the collapse of the
First Coalition, the victorious conclusion to Napoleon's campaigns in
Italy and the end of the first phase of the
Napoleonic Wars.
Beyond the usual clauses of "firm and inviolable peace" the treaty passed a number of Austrian territories into French hands. Lands ceded included the Austrian Netherlands (now
Belgium) and certain islands in the Mediterranean, including
Corfu and other Venetian islands in the Adriatic.
Venice and its territories (Venetia) were divided between the two states: Venice,
Istria and
Dalmatia were turned over to the Austrian emperor. Austria recognized the
Cisalpine Republic and the newly-created
Ligurian Republic, formed of
Genovese territories, as independent powers.
The treaty also contained non-public clauses, which divided up certain other territories, made
Liguria independent, and also agreed to the extension of the borders of France up to the
Rhine, the
Nette, and the
Roer. Free French navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine, the
Meuse and the
Moselle. The French Republic had been expanded into Germany and Italy's natural boundaries.
The treaty was composed and signed after five months of negotiations. It was basically what had been agreed earlier at the
Peace of Leoben in April 1797, but the negotiations had been spun out by both parties for a number of reasons. During the negotiating period the French had to crush a royalist coup in September. This was used as a cause for the arrest and deportation of royalist and moderate deputies in the
Directory.
Napoleon's biographer, Felix Markham, wrote "the partition of Venice wasn't only a moral blot on the peace settlement but left Austria a foothold in Italy, which could only lead to further war." In fact the Peace of Campo Formio, though it reshaped the map of Europe and marked a major step in Napoleon's fame, was only a respite.
As a result of the treaty,
Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, a prisoner from the French revolution, was released from Austrian captivity.
Campo Formio, now called
Campoformido, was a village west of
Udine in north-eastern Italy; the treaty was signed at an inn there.
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